Read the following passage and answer Questions 1–13.
The Evolution of Urban Planning
From the earliest grid systems of the Indus Valley Civilization to the sprawling smart cities of the 21st century, urban planning has reflected humanity’s attempt to impose order on chaos. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, dating back to 2600 BCE, reveal a surprising level of sophistication. These cities were laid out on a north-south grid, featuring advanced drainage systems and distinct residential and industrial zones. This suggests that early urbanisation was not organic but deliberate, driven by the need for sanitation and trade efficiency.
In contrast, the medieval cities of Europe often developed organically around a castle or cathedral, resulting in winding, narrow streets. It was not until the Renaissance that aesthetic considerations, such as symmetry and perspective, began to influence European city design. However, the true turning point was the Industrial Revolution. The rapid influx of workers into cities like London and Manchester created overcrowding and disease, forcing governments to rethink urban design purely for public health. This era gave birth to the 'Garden City' movement initiated by Ebenezer Howard in 1898, which proposed self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts"—a concept still relevant today.
Modern urban planning faces different challenges: sustainability and data. The concept of the 'Smart City' integrates technology to manage traffic, waste, and energy consumption. Yet, critics argue that while technological efficiency is desirable, it risks creating sterile environments that lack the cultural vibrancy of organically developed neighbourhoods. The challenge for future planners is to balance the efficiency of the grid with the soul of the community.
Question 1: According to the passage, what does the layout of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa suggest about early urbanisation?
View Answer & Explanation
It was a deliberate process focusing on sanitation and efficiency.
The first paragraph states: 'This suggests that early urbanisation was not organic but deliberate, driven by the need for sanitation and trade efficiency.'
