Comprehensive review of proton transfer reactions and pH calculations.
Syllabus:
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According to the Arrhenius definition, what does an acid produce when dissolved in water?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
In the Brønsted–Lowry theory, a base is defined as a substance that:
Accepts a proton (H+)
The Brønsted–Lowry theory defines a base as a proton (H+) acceptor.
Identify the conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
HSO4−
A conjugate base is formed when an acid loses one proton. H2SO4→H++HSO4−.
What is the conjugate acid of ammonia (NH3)?
NH4+
A conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton. NH3+H+→NH4+.
Consider the following equilibrium reaction:
CH3COOH(aq)+H2O(l)⇌CH3COO−(aq)+H3O+(aq)
Which species acts as the Brønsted–Lowry base in the forward reaction?
H2O
In the forward reaction, H2O accepts a proton from acetic acid (CH3COOH) to become H3O+, making it the base.
Which of the following substances is amphoteric (can act as both an acid and a base)?
H2O
Water (H2O) is amphoteric because it can donate a proton to become OH− or accept a proton to become H3O+.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 7 common strong acids?
HF
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak acid. HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 are strong acids.
What distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?
A strong acid dissociates completely in water, while a weak acid dissociates partially.
The strength of an acid refers to its ability to ionize or dissociate. Strong acids dissociate 100%, whereas weak acids exist in equilibrium with their ions.
Select the strong base from the list below.
Ba(OH)2
Barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) is a Group 2 metal hydroxide and is considered a strong base. Ammonia and methylamine are weak bases; aluminum hydroxide is insoluble/weak.
Which acid is considered strong because it fully ionizes in solution?
Perchloric acid (HClO4)
Perchloric acid (HClO4) is one of the standard strong acids.
